Supported Test Procedures and Assessments
Leonardo Mechanography is the analysis software especially designed for Leonardo Mechanograph devices. We constntly imrove and extend this software.
Depening on the combination of used Leonardo Mechanograph system and the used Software variant, different measurement and analysis procedures are supported. The following list descrbes all availlabel measurement and analysis procedures in detail.
In addition, Leonardo Mechanography also supports various types of Assessments which give a compact overview over all contained measurement types of specific test batteries per day and person.
Assessments
Leonardo Mechanograph®
Summary (Assessment) of analysis results of different test types per measurement day and person. For repeated measurements Leonardo Mechanography automatically selects the most relevent measurements and displays its results.
BAss: Basic Assessment:
Extended Standard Assessment
Function: Automated compact summary of all s2LJ, m1LJ, m2LH, CRT45, CRT30, RT, BT, TpTs and GrF per patient and day.
Type: Fitness assessment.
Results: Esslinger Fitness Index (E.F.I.), efficiency of movement, assymmetry of movement, maximum voluntray force of left and right leg seperately, CRT analysis.
BAss: Basic Assessment:
Standard Assessment
Function: Automated compact summary of all s2LJ, m1LJ and CRT per patient and day.
Type: Fitness assessment.
Results: Esslinger Fitness Index (E.F.I.), efficiency of movement, assymmetry of movement, maximum voluntray force of left and right leg seperately, CRT analysis.
FAss: Free Assessment¹:
Configurable assessment
Function: Configurable selection of analysis resulst fo any test included in a BAss.
Type: Fitness assessment.
Results: Configurable (any analysis parameter of the contained tests).
JAss: Jump Assessment¹
(Swiss Olympic Performance Manual)
Function: Automated compact summary of all CMJ, SJ.90, CMJ.1L.L, CMJ.1L.R per participant and day.
The Jump Assessment (JAss) analysis is according tor the Swiss Olympic Performance Manual (Stoeckli1 et.al.). It includes Counter Movement Jumps (CMJ), Squat-Jumps from 90° knee angle (SJ.90), one-legged Counter Movement Jumps for left and right leg (CMJ.1L L/R) as well as Drop Jumps from a height of 20, 40 and 60 cm (DJ.20, DJ.40, DJ.60). Different to the Leonardo s2LJ all these tests are performed with restriction of the arm movement (hand stay on the hip during the complete movement)
Type: Athletic performance assessment.
Results: Pre-Stretch Augmentation (PSA), Side difference, Bilateral Defficit, reactive Strength Index modified (RSImod), Reactive Index (RI), Reactive Strength Index 1 (RSI1), Reactive Strength Index 2 (RSI2)
¹) only availlable in combination with Leonardo Mechanography RES version
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Standard Test Procedures (BAS)
Leonardo Mechanograph®
Standard- Test Procedures, supported by Leonardo Mechanography Basic Version (BAS).
s2LJ: Single 2 Leg Jump: SJump for maximum height (counter movement jump, vertical jump)
- s2LJ: Free jump without restrictions.
- CMJ: Jump for maimum height, hand on hip.
- CMJ1L: Jump with hands on hip, one legged.
- SQ90: Squat-Jump, 90° knee-angle.
Objectives/results: Quantification of individual anaerobe peak power output, reference data (age 3 to 99, matched for mass, gender, age), efficiency of movement (inter and intra muscular whole body coordination), L/R differences (is it an asymmetric movement, e.g. due to pain, relieving posture, injury of locomotor system including back muscles). Outcome parameters: Force, acceleration, power, kinetic energy, potential energy, jumping height, counter movement, mass, L/R differences (force, power), Esslinger Fitness Index (E.F.I.), efficiency of movement.
s2LJnj: s2LJ no Air Phase
Type: Performance/power for deconditioned.
Movement: Similar to s2LJ but without leaving teh platfrom (air phase). Allowes to analyse test of an almost-jump (movement similar to a counter movement jump but no lift-off) using the same algorithms as s2LJ.
Field of application: Geriatrics, Pediatrics, Rehabilitation, Neuromogy
Objectives/results: Performance (peak power) of back muscles. Ability for daily movements like lifting a heavy object, back pain, relieving posture, an important parameter is also the variation of height of the CoG (how far does the individual bend down). Testparameter is the variation of teh ehight of teh centre of gravity (CoG) of teh body.
Outcome parameters: Velocity, force, acceleration, power, duration, L/R differences, uniformity of movement, CoG height variation.
CRT: Chair Rising Test
only in combination with Loenardo bench option, only availlable for Leonardo Mechanograph GRFP STD and LT.
Type: Performance (power test).
Motion: Subjects stands up until the knees are straight and immediately sits down again. This movement is repeated five times as fast as possible.
Variantions of test:
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- CRT 45: 5 repetitions from 45 cm bench height
- CRT 30: 10 repetitions from 30 cm bench height
- CRT 45-30s: continous repetitions from 45 cm bench height over a duration of 30 sec.
- CRT 30-30s: continous repetitions from 30 cm bench height over a duration of 30 sec.
- CRT other: Adjustable test using a selectable number of repetitions or test duration.
Field of application: Performance test for weak deconditiones individuals, especially if they are not able to perform a s2LJ.
Well established in the field of geriatrics (close relation to fall risk for the following two years if duration for 5 repetitions is longer then 10 seconds). >
Limitation for fit individuals: ceiling effect -> laws of physics limit the minimum time per test to one second; alternative test: s2LJ>
Objectives/results: Evaluation of the individual performance (power) based on a fundamental every day movement: getting up from a chair. Analysis of movement deficiencies: L/R differences ((s it an asymmetric movement? e.g. due to pain, relieving posture, injury of locomotor system including back muscles).
Outcome parameters: Force, acceleration, power, kinetic energy, potential energy, mass, total duration, time per iteration, geriatric reference data.
HRT: Heel Rise Test
Type: Performance (power) test (real power almost without energy storage).
Motion: The individual tries to jump straight knees and without any counter movement only suing the ankle joint.
Field of application: Basic performance (power) analysis.
Objectives/results: Movement (jump) without energy storage, without counter movement, focused on the calf muscles.
Determination of maximum real power (without energy storage).
Evaluation of the ability to produce concentric force and power.
Outcome parameters: Force, acceleration, power, kinetic energy, potential energy, mass, counter movement, jumping height, L/R differences.
BT: Balance Test: Balance-/Stabilometry
Type: Balance & coordination test, Posturography, Stabilmetry.
Motion: The subjects tries to stand as still as possible for a defined time period (e.g. 10 seconds). Various foot positions as well as open or closed eyes can be chosen to increase the difficulty.
The following standard types are supported:
-
-
- Romberg stand, eyes open (RomEO)
- Romberg stand, eyes closed (RomEC)
- Semi-Tandem stand, eyes opent (SemTanEO)
- Semi-Tandem stand, eyes closed (SemTanEC)
- Tandem stand, eyes open (TanEO)
- Tandem stand, eyes closed (TanEC)
- One leg stand, eyes open (1L_EO)
- One leg stand, eyes open (1L_EO)
- Sit, hands free, eyes open (SitEO¹)
- Sit, hands free, eyes open (SitEO¹)
- Sit, hands on, eyes open (SitHoEO¹)
- Sit, hands on, eyes close (SitHoEC¹)
- Free test (other)
-
Field of application: Well established in geriatrics and rehabilitation as well as in sports medicine as a basic coordination test.
Objectives/results: test of balance, proprioception and coordination. >Ability for every day task in elderly, also fall risk assessment.>
Outcome parameters: Stabilometry / Variation of CoF (CoP): CoF A/P, M/L, Sway Angle, Equilibrium Score, frequency analysis of force or position variation, speed histograms and parameters, distance from mid-position, each over the entire measurement or divided into six equal sections (progression measurement, fatigue measurement).
Note: In principle, the CoF analysis can be done for any test type (e.g. also for teh lift.off or lannding pahse of a s2LJ).
¹) In combination the the Leonardo Mechanography bench.
m1LH: Multiple 1 Leg Hoping
Type: Measurement of maximum voluntray force per leg.
Motion: epeated hopping on fore foot without heel contact (as high as possible with stiff knee). The test provokes the voluntary maximum muscular force of the lower extremities. The stiffness (whole body stiffness) as well as the energy storage capacity of the muscle-tendon complex can be assessed.
Field of application: General test of peak forces, energy storage capacity, flexibility, whole body stiffness.
Objectives/results: maximum voluntary force, maximum acceleration, stiffness, energy storage capacity. The maximum voluntary force is in close relation to bone strength (combination of mass, density, geometry – also see H. Frost. Mechanostat). Hence this test is an ideal addition to pQCT measurement results to extend the characterization of the functional muscle-bone unit.
Quantification of movement deficiencies: injuries and pain cause inefficient movements, decreased energy storage capacity and limit the peak force.
Outcome parameters: Force, acceleration, power, kinetic energy, potential energy, mass, stiffness.
LoS: Limits of Stability: Stabilometry
Type: Balance & weight shift, Posturography, Stabilmetry.
Motion: The subjects tries to lean in different directions as far as possible, aiming a maximum shift of the CoG (center of gravity).
The following standard types are supported:
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- Right-Left (R-L)
- Forwards-Backwards (F-B)
- Right-Forwards-Left-Backwards (R-F-L-B)
each test is supported in the following variations:
-
- Standing
- Sitting
- Sitting with hands on bench
Field of application: Well established in geriatrics, pediatrics and rehabilitation as well as in sports medicine as a basic coordination test.
Objectives/results: Test des Gleichgewichts und der Koordination -test of balance, proprioception and coordination. >Ability for every day task in elderly, also fall risk assessment or in chronic disease children>.
Outcome parameters: Stabilometry / Variation of CoF (CoP): Max. displacement A/P and M/L direction, Area of 90% standard ellipse (Sway Index), average position, srd. deviation CoF A/P, M/L, max. Sway Angle, Equilibrium Score.
RepT: Repetition Test: uniformity of repeated, cyclic movements
Type: Coordination test (uniformity of repeated, cyclic movements).
Motion: Repeated movements. Example: The individual elastically moves the upper body with slightly bent legs up and down by a few centimetres and tries to repeat this for a minute as smooth as possible. Optimal results are uniform repetitions without variation. -> harmonic (sinusoidal) oscillation of the centre of mass with 1 to 3 Hertz (derived from the ancient training of the Chinese emperor for staying young: “return of the Spring”, also see M. Runge). >
Field of application: Basic coordination, flexibility, geriatrics.
Objectives/results: Uniformity of repeated movements: coordination, stiffness and energy storage capacity.>
Outcome parameters: Force, acceleration, power, mass, average duration and standard deviation.
Additional Test Procedures (RES)
Leonardo Mechanograph®
Additional test procedures supported only Leonardo Mechnography Reserach version (RES).
TpTs/TpTc: Tapping Test (standing / sitting)
Type: Coordination, quickness.
Motion: changing of weight from one foot to the other as fast as possible Geschwindigkeit
- TpTs: Tapping Test standing
- TpTc: Tapping Test sitting (chair)
Field of application: Fitness, Sport.
Objectives/results: Quickness, speed.
Outcome parameters: Frequency, contact time, force, reproducability, side-differences.
TpT1L: Tapping Test One Leg
Type: Coordination, quickness.
Motion: Tapping with the toes on the platform as fast as possible
Field of application: Fitness, Sport, Neurology.
Objectives/results: Quickness, speed.
Outcome parameters: Frequency, contact time, force, reproducability.
DJ: Drop Jump
Type: Test of ground contact time/speed.
Motion: ALand on the platform from a defined height (chair) and try to bounce as fast as possible and as high as possible. This test is well established in sports there the most important parameter is the combination of contact time and air time. (the shorter the contact time the better.)
Field of application: The drop jump is mainly used in sports.
Objectives/results: Assessment of speed (see Bauersfeld & Voß): > assessment of intra and inter muscular coordination.
Outcome parameters: Force, acceleration, power, kinetic energy, potential energy, mass, ground contact time, L/R differences.
m2LH: multiple 2 Leg Hop
Type: Measurement of maximum voluntray force for botgh legs.
Motion: Repeated hopping on both fore feet without heel contact (as high as possible with stiff knee). The test provokes the voluntary maximum muscular force of the lower extremities. The stiffness (whole body stiffness) as well as the energy storage capacity of the muscle-tendon complex can be assessed. The stiffness (whole body stiffness) as well as the energy storage capacity of the muscle-tendon complex can be assessed.
Field of application: General test of peak forces, energy storage capacity, flexibility, whole body stiffness.
Objectives/results: maximum voluntary force, maximum acceleration, stiffness, energy storage capacity.
Outcome parameters: Force, acceleration, power, kinetic energy, potential energy, mass, stiffness.
PUT: 10 sec. Push-Up Test
Type: Performance/power, fatiguing of upper body / arms
Motion: Series of push-ups over duration of 10 seconds. 10 seconds as amny complete push-ups as possible.
Field of application: Sport, Fitness.
Objectives/results: Upper body / Arm performacne, endurance, fatiguing, load-velocity/power relation.
Outcome parameters: Power, force, accelleration, velocity, height differences.
LT: Land Test
Type: Coordination, flexibility, fitness test.
Bewegung: The individual lands from a defined height (e.g. from optional Leonardo step or stair) on the platform. The goal is to land as soft and quietly as possible. This demands to minimize peak ground reaction forces in order to achieve a constant energy absorption over a large distance (flexibility & coordination).>
Well trained individuals achieve peak forces smaller then 1.5 times body weight per leg (also see M. Runge). <
Field of application: Geriatrics, Neurology, Fitness, Sport.
Objectives/results: Coordination of movement, ability for coordinated steady energy absorption, flexibility.
Outcome parameters: Force, acceleration, power, kinetic energy, potential energy, mass, falling height, L/R differences.
ST: Squat Test
Type: Performance/power, endurance.
Motion: one or more consecutive squats.
Field of application: Fitness, Sport, General.
Objectives/results: Performacne, endurance, fatiguing.
Outcome parameters: Power, force, accelleration, velocity, height differences, trend function to visualize changes of analysis parameters inbetween repetitions.
RJ/CJ: Repetetive Jumps / Continous Jumps
Type: Endurance / fatiguing / exhaustion.
Motion:
- RJ: Consecutive s2LJ with 2 seconds of pause inbetween repetitions
- CJ: Consecutive s2LJ
Field of application: Fitness, Sport.
Objectives/results: Performacne, endurance, fatiguing.
Outcome parameters: Variation of the following paramters depending on the duration of the test/number of repetitions: Force, accelleration, power, jumping height, contact time, flight time.
BJT: Box Jump Test
Type: Performance/power test.
Motion: Natural jump (counter movement jump) for maximum height similar to s2LJ but landing on top of a box. High reproducibility due to every-day movement type. Only for very specific applications (e.g. top athletes) additional normalisation of this movement (like locking of the arms by putting the hands on the hip) are needed
Field of application: basic performance (power) test.
Objectives/results: Quantification of individual anaerobe peak power output, reference data (age 3 to 99, matched for mass, gender, age), efficiency of movement (inter and intra muscular whole body coordination), L/R differences (typical reasons for side-differences: acute or chronic pain/protective movement patterns due to injury, in lower body including back)
Outcome parameters: Force, acceleration, power, kinetic energy, potential energy, jumping height, counter movement, mass, L/R differences (force, power), Esslinger Fitness Index (E.F.I.), efficiency of movement.
LST: Loaded Squat Test
Type: Performance/power, endurance.
Motion: Series of ST (one or more consecuitive squats) using different additional weights.
Field of application: Sport, Fitness.
Objectives/results: Performance, endurance, fatiguing, load-velocity/power relation.
Outcome parameters: Power, force, acceleration, velocity, height differences, trend function to visualize changes of analysis parameters dependingon extra load.
TRT: Trunk Rise Test
Type: Fitness test, performance (power) test, test for capability of back pain patients.
Motion:
Alternative 1:
upper body is lowered as fast as possible to about 90° then raised again as fast as possible.
Alternative 2 (e.g. for back pain patients):
slowly bend upper body to about 90° forward the rise as fast as possible.
Alternative 3 (e.g. for back pain patients):
Patient slowly bends knees with erect straight upper body until the fingertips touch the feet on the inside. Then rise as fast as possible. (movement compared to lifting a heavy object).
Field of application: Alternative 1 and 2: basic performance (power) test of the muscles of the back (e.g. in geriatrics) Alternative 3: Assessment of daily ability of back pain patients.
Objectives/results: Performance (peak power) of back muscles. Ability for daily movements like lifting a heavy object, back pain, relieving posture, an important parameter is also the variation of height of the CoG (how far does the individual bend down). Testparameter is the variation of teh ehight of teh centre of gravity (CoG) of teh body.
Outcome parameters: Velocity, force, acceleration, power, duration, L/R differences, uniformity of movement, CoG height variation.
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Special Test Procedures (RES)
Leonardo Mechanograph®
Test procedures for certain Leonardo Mechanograph Systems, supported by Leonardo Mechanography Research version (RES).
IF: Isometric Force Test:
Only in combination with additional hardware.
Type: Isometric force against fixed resistance (e.g. belt or fixation).
Position: Pulling or pushing against a fixed resistance.
Field of application: Sport, Fitness
Objectives/results: Peak force for specific muscle groups, positions or joint angles.
Outcome parameters: Peak force, relative peak force (in relation to body weight), rate of force development (RFD).
SC: Stair Climb Up/Down
Only in combination with Leonardo Mechanograph Stair A/C.
Type: Performance/power.
Motion: Climbing a stair.
Field of application: Geriatriccs, Pediatrics, Neurology.
Objectives/results: Performance/power.
Outcome parameters: Power, force, accelleration, velocity, height difference, duration per step.
GW: Gangway: Gait Analysis.
Only in combination with Leonardo Mechanograph GW (6 m, 9 m or12 m length).
Type: Gait Analysis.
Bewegung: Free walking over a distance of 6m to 12m.
Field of application: Geriatrics, Pediatrics, Neurology.
Objectives/results: Gait Analysis, variation of CoF/CoP.
Outcome parameters: velocity, force, duration/length, power step, path length, relation pathlength to distance, cadence, symmetry, side-differences.
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